Problem 1: The diagram below is a simplified illustration of a switchmode “buck” DC-DC converter with synchronous (active) rectification. The switching elements are shown as MOSFETs, with the associated body diodes drawn explicitly. The details associated with driving the MOSFET gates are ignored, other than to say that when one is on, the other is off, and the duty cycle is variable.
This is, by definition, a CCM (continuous conduction mode) converter. What does this tell us about the relationship between VA, VB and the duty cycle of the switching?
Answer 1: In normal operation, M2 is switched on first, and current flows through it and L1, charging the inductor with magnetic energy. When M2 switches off and M1 switches on, the current continues to flow through L1, discharging its stored energy.
Now, if M1 weren’t there, the circuit would still work, because the discharge current would still flow through D1. However, once L1’s current drops to zero, the diode would block any further flow — this is known as “discontinuous conduction mode”. Whereas, with M1 present, the current flow can actually reverse. In other words, with active (synchronous) rectification, the converter can both source and sink current at its output. This is known as “continuous conduction mode”. This means that the relationship between the input voltage VA and the output voltage VB is only a function of the duty cycle of the switching:
Problem 2: Can the output of such a converter sink as well as source current? If so, where does the current go?
Answer 2: Yes, as mentioned above, it can indeed sink current. When the current in L1 goes negative, the current flows through M1 to ground as long as M1 is on. But when M1 switches off and M2 switches on, this forces current back toward VA and C2, until the voltage across L1 causes the current to ramp back up to zero and then positive again.
Problem 3: Draw a similar diagram for a switchmode “boost” DC-DC converter with synchronous rectification. What interesting thing can you say about the two diagrams?
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Answer 3: Here is the corresponding diagram for a “boost” converter:
In normal operation, M1 switches on first, charging L1 with magnetic energy. Then, M1 switches off and M2 switches on, allowing the stored energy to discharge into C2.
The remarkable thing about this diagram is that it is an exact mirror image of the buck converter!
Question 4: Based on the answers to the previous questions, what can you say about the direction of power flow through this type of converter?
Answer 4: Again, with the boost converter, we could eliminate M2 and allow D2 to do the output switching, but M2 allows current to flow either way during the discharge phase. And just like with the buck converter, this means that the input-output voltage relationship becomes a function of only the switching duty cycle:
Note that this is a simple rearrangement of the terms in the equation for the buck converter — in other words, it’s the same equation. This tells us that regardless of which way the power is flowing, the relationship between VA and VB is simply a function of the switching duty cycle.
So, to turn this into a concrete example, if the PWM control is set up so that M2 is on 5/12 = 42% of the time, you could apply 12V at VA and get 5V out at VB, OR you could apply 5V at VB and get 12V out at VA!
One final note about regulation: This circuit provides a specific ratiometric relationship between the two voltages that is based on the duty cycle of the switching. If the input voltage is unregulated, but you want a regulated output voltage, then you need to provide a mechanism that varies the duty cycle of the switch in order to cancel out the input variations. Note that this control could be based on measuring the input voltage directly (feedforward control) or measuring the output voltage (feedback control).
If you’re going to build a practical bidirectional power converter with regulation, you’ll have to pay extra attention to how this control mechanism works in both modes of operation.
Contributor: David Tweed
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