March (issue #428) Circuit Cellar

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4: Running Model Trains Without Human Input – A Raspberry Pi Pico Controls Two Trains, By Mike Christle

RESOURCES
Raspberry Pi | https://raspberrypi.com
MicroPython | https://micropython.org

REFERENCES
[1] National Model Railroad Association
https://www.nmra.org/index-nmra-standards-and-recommended-practices
[2]Raspberry Pi RP-2040 Datasheet
https://pip-assets.raspberrypi.com/categories/814-rp2040/documents/RP-008371-DS-1-rp2040-datasheet.pdf
[3] MicroPython Libraries. rp2 — Functionality Specific to the RP2040 https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/library/rp2.html
[4] MicroPython Libraries. Class StateMachine – Access to the RP2040’s programmable I/O interface https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/library/rp2.StateMachine.html
[5] MicroPython Libraries. uasyncio — Asynchronous I/O Scheduler https://docs.micropython.org/en/v1.14/library/uasyncio.html
[6] Java Model Railroad Interface | https://www.jmri.org/

Code and Supporting Files

12: Analog Meets Digital – Part 4: Eliminating Mains Interference with an ADC, By Andrew Levido

RESOURCES
Avnet | https://www.avent.com

REFERENCES
[1] Designing Analog Electronics – Part 1: Error and Uncertainty, Circuit Cellar #426, November 2025
[2] Designing Analog Electronics – Part 2: Signal Conditioning with Op Amps, Circuit Cellar #427, December 2025
[3] Designing Analog Electronics – Part 3: Filters for AC Circuits, Circuit Cellar #428, January 2026
[4] https://www.edn.com/cancel-pwm-dac-ripple-with-analog-subtraction-revisited/
[5] https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-017.pdf
[6] https://www.silabs.com/documents/public/application-notes/an118.pdf
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversampling

22: Connector Requirements for High-Voltage – Healthcare Applications Simplifying Safety and Security, By Lou Copley

RESOURCES
Avnet | https://www.avent.com

26: A System That Detects, Tracks, and Deters Deer – Using Computer Vision, an Arduino, and a Raspberry Pi 5, By Amaziah Kinavuidi and Mark Gladkevitch

RESOURCES
Arduino | arduino.cc
Raspberry Pi | raspberrypi.com

REFERENCES
[1] Zhang, Y. et al. (2022). ByteTrack: Multi-object Tracking by Associating Every Detection Box. In: Avidan, S., Brostow, G., Cissé, M., Farinella, G.M., Hassner, T. (eds) Computer Vision – ECCV 2022. ECCV 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 13682. Springer, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20047-2_1
[2] Ultralytics. https://www.ultralytics.com/
[3] G. Jocher, M. Yasin, J. Qiu, and M. Noyce, “Models,” Ultralytics, Nov. 12, 2023. https://docs.ultralytics.com/models/ (accessed Dec. 06, 2025).
[4] Core Electronics. https://core-electronics.com.au/
[5] Jaryd, “Getting Started with YOLO Object and Animal Recognition on the Raspberry Pi – Tutorial Australia,” Core Electronics, Sep. 27, 2024. https://core-electronics.com.au/guides/raspberry-pi/getting-started-with-yolo-object-and-animal-recognition-on-the-raspberry-pi/ (accessed Nov. 29, 2025).
[6] Roboflow. https://roboflow.com/
[7] Google Colab. https://colab.research.google.com/
[8] S. Canu, “Speed Up YOLO Object Detection by 4x with Python – here is how – Pysource,” Pysource, May 21, 2025. https://pysource.com/2025/05/21/speed-up-yolo-object-detection-by-4x-with-python-here-is-how/ (accessed Dec. 02, 2025).
[9] Testing models and other files for the SENTRY Turret Project:
https://github.com/sentryplusgroup-netizen/SENTRY_2025
[10] SENTRY Turret User Manual. https://bdc40f05-ad34-4dcd-952d-58ee9fb6d7aa.filesusr.com/ugd/8006a5_6b351535c9394f708c5f9ed898160c7b.docx?dn=User%20Manual.docx
[11Final code for the SENTRY Turret Project:
https://github.com/sentryplusgroup-netizen/SENTRY_2025/blob/main/sentry_multiprocess.py

Code and Supporting Files

34: TECHNOLOGY FEATURE: Mesh for Embedded Control – Mesh Networks Are Rewiring Embedded Systems, By Curtis Franklin

40: DATASHEET: Linux-Based SBCs – SBCs Running Linux Bring Enterprise Power to the Network’s Edge, By Curtis Franklin

Datasheet URLs:
Arduino: https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/uno-q
BeagleBoard.org Foundation: https://www.beagleboard.org/boards/beaglebone-black
Khadas: https://dl.khadas.com/products/vim4/manuals
LattePanda: https://docs.lattepanda.com/content/sigma_edition/Specification/
NVIDIA: https://developer.nvidia.com/downloads/assets/embedded/secure/jetson/orin_nano/docs/jetson_orin_nano_ds
Orange Pi: http://www.orangepi.org/html/hardWare/computerAndMicrocontrollers/details/Orange-Pi-5-Ultra.html
Particle: https://store.particle.io/products/tachyon-5g-single-board-computer
Raspberry Pi: https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-5
Sipeed: https://wiki.sipeed.com/hardware/en/lichee/th1520/lpi4a/1_intro.html

44: PICKING UP MIXED SIGNALS: Another Matter-Enabled MCU: the ESP32-C6, By Brian Millier

RESOURCES
Bosch | https://www.bosch-sensortec.com
Espressif | https://www.espressif.com
Seeedstudio | https://www.seeedstudio.com
Espressif ESP32C6 MCU:
https://documentation.espressif.com/esp32-c6-wroom-1_wroom-1u_datasheet_en.pdf
Xiao-ESP32C6 Matter tutorial using Espressif’s ESP-IDF:
https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/xiao_esp32_matter_env
Bosch BMA400 3-Axis IMU:
https://www.bosch-sensortec.com/media/boschsensortec/downloads/datasheets/bst-bma400-ds000.pdf

Code and Supporting Files

54: EMBEDDED SYSTEM ESSENTIALS: From Buffer Overflows to Control Flow Attacks, By Colin O’Flynn

RESOURCES
Segger | https://www.segger.com
STMicroelectronics | https://www.st.com

SOURCES
Segger J-Link OB: https://www.segger.com/products/debug-probes/j-link/models/j-link-ob/
Segger Ozone: https://www.segger.com/products/development-tools/ozone-j-link-debugger/
STM32 Nucleo Boards: https://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/stm32-nucleo-boards.html

Source Code: https://github.com/colinoflynn/circuitcellar-EmbeddedSystemEssentials

63: TECH THE FUTURE: The Future of Product Development Nature – Inside the Tech: E-Bikes Explained, By Wessel Snoey

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March (issue #428) Circuit Cellar