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4: Prototype AI Apps with SenseCAP K1100: Part 1: Model Training and Deployment, By Raul Alvarez-Torrico
REFERENCES
[1] SenseCraft: https://github.com/Seeed-Studio/SenseCraft
[2] Train and Deploy Your Own AI Model Into Grove – Vision AI, https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/Train-Deploy-AI-Model-Grove-Vision-AI/
[3] Evaluating Deep Learning Models: The Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision, and Recall, https://blog.paperspace.com/deep-learning-metrics-precision-recall-accuracy/
[4] Best Fitness: https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/582#issuecomment-667232293
[5] Evaluating Object Detection Models Using Mean Average Precision (mAP): https://blog.paperspace.com/mean-average-precision/
[6] Ultralytics Yolo Version 5 Tips for Best Training Results, https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/wiki/Tips-for-Best-Training-Results
[7] How to decrease false positives: https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5/issues/666#issuecomment-1047657174
SOURCES
SenseCAP K1100 Kit: https://www.seeedstudio.com/Seeed-Studio-LoRaWAN-Dev-Kit-p-5370.html
Himax HX6537-A processor: https://www.himax.com.tw/product-brief/HX6537.39.40-A_product_brief.pdf
Roboflow Universe: https://roboflow.com/universe
13: Helping Students Find Uncongested Study Spaces: Using a Raspberry Pi 4, a PiTFT Display, and Data, By Minjung Kwon & Esther In
REFERENCES
[1] Magic Selfie Mirror Project
https://courses.ece.cornell.edu/ece5990/ECE5725_Fall2017_projects/Lab_jh2635_sl2928/Lab_jh2635_sl2928/
[2] Demonstration video of the Campus Congestion project
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Qs5TuzhdCw
[3] GitHub repository with project code
https://github.com/Minjk121/ECE5725_Final
https://courses.ece.cornell.edu/ece5990/ECE5725_Spring2022_Projects/Wednesday%20May%2018/Campus%20Congestion/W_ei53_mk2592/index.html
20: Measuring the Frequency Response of a DC Motor: Using Linear and Non-Linear Techniques, By Shlomo Engelberg, Aviel Maor, and Jakob (Kobi) Weizman
REFERENCES
[1] S. Engelberg, ADuC841 Microcontroller Design Manual: From Microcontroller Theory to Design Projects. Vernon, Connecticut, Circuit Cellar, Inc., 2011.
[2] Last Minute Engineers, “Interface L298N DC Motor Driver Module with Arduino.” https://lastminuteengineers.com/l298n-dc-stepper-driver-arduino-tutorial/. Last retrieved 2 February 2023.
[3] Monolithic Power Systems, “MA702 Angle Sensor.” https://www.monolithicpower.com/en/ma702.html. Last retrieved 2 February 2023.
[4] SparkFun, “SparkFun Logic Level Converter—Bi-Directional. https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12009. Last retrieved 2 February 2023.
[5] S. Engelberg, A Mathematical Introduction to Control Theory, 2nd ed., Series in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol. 4, London, Imperial College Press, 2015.
26: TECHNOLOGY FEATURE: AI and Robotics, By Michael Lynes
[1] DALL-E: https://labs.openai.com[2] ChatGPT: https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt
[3] Craiyon: https://www.craiyon.com/
[4] The Three Laws of Robotics: https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?entryid=4108
[5] Tesla’s AI & Robotics page: https://www.tesla.com/AI
[6] SPOT from Boston Dynamics: https://nypost.com/2022/04/01/fdnys-new-robot-dog-makes-its-first-appearance-in-nyc/Robotics: https://builtin.com/robotics/robotics-companies-roundup
[7] Husqvarna Automower: https://www.husqvarna.com/us/robotic-lawn-mower
[8] NVIDIA robotics: https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/deep-learning-ai/industries/robotics/
[9] Bluefin from General Dynamics: https://gdmissionsystems.com/underwater-vehicles/bluefin-robotics
[10] IBM AI and Watson Assistant: https://www.ibm.com/products/watson-assistant
[11] SpellBook: https://www.spellbook.legal/chat-gpt-for-law?twclid=2-1e91dswe86dx5vay9f7vdn25s
[12] AI Hobbyist: MiniGPT-4 – https://minigpt-4.github.io/
[13] AI Risks: https://www.azfamily.com/2023/04/10/ive-got-your-daughter-scottsdale-mom-warns-close-encounter-with-ai-voice-cloning-scam/
[14] AutoGPT – Pushing the boundaries: https://github.com/Torantulino/Auto-GPT
SOURCES
Artificial Intelligence: https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-companies-roundup
Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2022/05/31/why-robotics-and-artificial-intelligence-are-the-future-of-mankind/
Google BARD – Emergent Properties: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-11980033/Google-CEO-says-doesnt-fully-understand-new-AI-program-Bard-works.html
Google BARD: World Domination https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11964499/We-asked-AI-artificial-intelligence-surpass-human-beings.html
Boston Dynamics: Dancing bots https://youtu.be/fn3KWM1kuAw
RESOURCES
AutoGPT | autogpt.net
Boston Dynamics | www.bostondynamics.com
General Dynamics | www.gd.com
Husqvarna | www.husqvarna.com
IBM | www.ibm.com
iRobot | www.irobot.com
NVIDIA | www.nvidia.com
OpenAI | openai.com
Rally Legal | www.rallylegal.com
Tesla | www.tesla.com
32: DATASHEET: AC-DC Power Supplies: Powering the Next Generation of Embedded Design, By Sam Wallace
Datasheet URLs:
Aimtec AMESP500U-277JZ: https://aimtec.com/site/Aimtec/files/Datasheet/HighResolution/AMESP500U-277JZ.pdf
Astrodyne TDI MCA-10: https://store.astrodynetdi.com/media/assets/product/documents/MCA10.pdf
Cincon CBM70S: https://www.cincon.com/productdownload/Datasheet-CBM70S-series.pdf
CUI PSK-60D: https://www.cui.com/product/resource/psk-60d.pdf
Mean Well LRS-150: https://www.meanwell-web.com/content/files/pdfs/productPdfs/MW/LRS-150/LRS-150-spec.pdf
Murata Power Solutions BAC1: https://www.murata.com/products/productdata/8807029309470/kac-bac1.pdf?1633442419000
RECOM RACM30-K/277: https://recom-power.com/en/products/ac-dc-power-supplies/ac-dc-off-board/rec-s-RACM30-K!s277.html?0
TDK Lambda CUS250M: https://product.tdk.com/system/files/dam/doc/product/power/switching-power/ac-dc-converter/catalog/cus250m_e.pdf
XP Power ASB160: https://www.trcelectronics.com/ecomm/pdf/asb160.pdf
36: START TO FINISH: Solar Energy—Getting Started, By Stuart Ball
REFERENCES
[1] Chart of solar power received by region and season in the U. S.:
https://www.solar-electric.com/learning-center/solar-insolation-maps.html/
[2] Rolling resistance: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/rolling-friction-resistance-d_1303.html
[3] Drag coefficient, Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_drag_coefficient
SOURCES
Power to move a car, Colorado State U: https://www.engr.colostate.edu/~allan/fluids/page8/page8.html
41: THE MAGIC SMOKE FACTORY: RGB LED Animation: With a Rainbow Wave Pattern as an Example, By Joseph Corleto
REFERENCES
[1] Corleto, Joseph: Addressable RGB LEDs. A Fast and Easy Way to Create Flexible RGB LED Lighting. Circuit Cellar, Issue 386, September 2022, p. 6-11.
[2] Rainbow wave pattern example, YouTube short: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/R1dD1tV-kLA
[3] Sensitivity of human eye, Pixelsham: https://www.pixelsham.com/2016/03/10/sensitivity-of-human-eye/
RESOURCES
Espressif Systems | www.espressif.com
46: EMBEDDED IN THIN SLICES: Debugging Embedded Real-Time Systems: Flawed Assumptions in Finding Bugs, By Bob Japenga
REFERENCES
[1] “Estimating Your Embedded Systems Project (Part 3)” (Circuit Cellar 297, April 2015)
SOURCES
Psychology of Computer Programming by Gerald M. Weinberg – a wonderful treatise on how the way we think affects the way we program.
Thinking, fast and slow by Daniel Kahneman – a great book containing many of the surprising biases that affect our daily life.
Eeyore witticisms https://news.disney.com/12-amazing-witticisms-from-eeyore A great place to see if there is an Eeyore in the mirror.
Embedded Muse 464 http://www.ganssle.com/tem/tem464.html Check out the details of the ASIC RAM test. Also, subscribe if you haven’t.
50: FROM THE BENCH: Artificial Dawn and Dusk: Don’t Scare the Chickens!, By Jeff Bachiochi
RESOURCES
Analog Devices | www.analog.com
Arduino | www.arduino.cc
DFRobot | www.dfrobot.com
Espressif System | www.espressif.com
Toshiba | www.toshiba.com
REFERENCES
[1] Circuit Cellar Article Code and Files Webpage.
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1xeU29a9ZSZfGGtYFe625S9jttg_Ra2Oy
[2] DS3231 Real-time Clock datasheet
https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/DS3231.pdf
[3] Katie Ockert, “Decreasing daylight and its effect on laying hens.” Michigan State University Extension. October 01, 2019. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/decreasing-daylight-and-its-effect-on-laying-hens
63: TECH THE FUTURE: The Future of Successful PCB Manufacturing: Common PCB Design Mistakes, By Don Kaufman
Correction Notice: The print edition contains unit errors
Page 63; column 2 paragraph 2:
Drilled hole location too close to the copper feature: If the hole is closer than .010″ mils (.25mm) to a trace or another hole in a multilayer board, it must be fixed.
Page 64; column 2 paragraph 1:
Incorrect trace and space vs. copper weight: As a general rule, the thicker the copper, the more spacing is required between the copper features on the board. For example, 2oz of copper needs a minimum trace of .008″ mils (.2mm) and .008″ mils of space—but the customer or designer may specify .005″ mils (.11mm) for each, which isn’t enough.
RESOURCES
Cirexx International | www.cirexx.com
BONUS DIGITAL EDITION FEATURE ADDITION
Solving Level-Translation and Logic Problems: Using Discrete Components, By Wolfgang Matthes
REFERENCES
[1] Matthes, Wolfgang: Voltage-Level Translation in MCU Projects. Solutions for Digital Controllers. Circuit Cellar, Issue 375, October 2021, p. 26-35.
Standards:
[2] International Standard IEC 61131-2 Preview Edition 4.0. International Electrotechnical Commission, 2017.
https://plcopen.org/sites/default/files/downloads/iec_61131-2_preview.pdf
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32014L0035
https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/18578
Application notes, manuals, datasheets :
In the past—we speak of decades ago—datasheets, application notes, and so on were distributed in print. So, each such source could be referenced like an article in a journal or a textbook. A considerable number of highly specialized manufacturers were around. They have put a lot of effort into their publications. Their databooks were valuable sources, occupying several feet on the bookshelves of seasoned engineers. Nowadays, takeovers are more the rule than the exception. For example, International Rectifier, once the leading developer and manufacturer of power MOSFETs, belongs to Infineon now, Micrel to Microchip, Maxim to Analog Devices, and so on. Devices like diodes, Zeners, transistors, and small modules to tinker with, are merely commodities and accessories. They are documented, above all, in Internet catalogs, where links lead to datasheets and detailed descriptions. So, the most convenient way to get the desired data, hints, and descriptions is to invoke the homepage of the appropriate manufacturer and use its internal search engine. As the daily practice shows, searching across the web for a particular component or the technical term in question may more often than not lead to the desired datasheets, application notes, or articles.
Application notes:
[4] IEC 61131-2 compatible inputs and outputs at the SC1x3 Controller. Application Note AN_SC1X3_IO_V1.PDF. Beck IPC GmbH, n. d.
[5] Understanding a Digital Transistor Datasheet. Application Note AND9129/D. ON Semiconductor, 2013.
https://www.onsemi.com/pub/collateral/and9129-d.pdf
[6] Barkhordarian, Vrej: Power MOSFET Basics. International Rectifier/Infineon, n. d.
https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/mosfet.pdf?fileId=5546d462533600a4015357444e913f4f&redirId=117673
[7] Application Note 74. LM139/LM239/LM339 A Quad of Independently Functioning Comparators. Application Report SNOA654A. Texas Instruments, Incorporated, 2004–2013.
https://www.ti.com/lit/an/snoa654a/snoa654a.pdf
[8] Guide to Adding Extra Hysteresis to Comparators. Application Note 3616. Maxim Integrated Products, 2005.
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/3/3616.html
[9] Technical Explanations – Technische Erläuterungen. Diotec Semiconductor AG, n. d.
https://diotec.com/en/all-products.html#transistors
Modules to tinker with in the 24-V field wiring:
What we mention here are only some examples taken from several Internet catalogs.
https://catalog.weidmueller.com/procat/Group.jsp;jsessionid=9EA47B153FD12C0D3DECD55CCA9F829B?groupId=(%22group5448258828845%22)&page=Group
[11] Diode module RSD 12 LP/LP
https://catalog.weidmueller.com/catalog/Start.do?ObjectID=0181461001
[12] Component module with diode
https://www.wago.com/global/overvoltage-protection/component-module-with-diode/p/289-151
[13] Function modules: Diode modules and lamp testing modules
https://www.phoenixcontact.com/en-us/products/motor-machine-and-system-monitoring/function-modules
[14] Diode blocks / Lamp test modules
https://www.aps-systems.ch/en/Funktionsbaustein.htm
[15] I/O Systems
https://www.weidmuller.com/en/products/automation_software/i_o_systems/index.jsp
[16] Logic modules
https://catalog.weidmueller.com/procat/Group.jsp;jsessionid=BF7524585F1363C2E224EFCC2B2DF2B6?groupId=(%22group256156892148%22)&page=Group
[17] DK NAND 35 24VDC
https://catalog.weidmueller.com/catalog/Start.do?ObjectID=8248320000
[18] Interface electronic
https://www.wago.com/global/c/interface-electronic?f=%3Adata_product_categoryNames%3AOvervoltage%20Protection%3Afacet_product_Produkttyp_7845%3ASpecialty%20electronics%3AresultType%3Aproduct&sort=relevance&pageSize=20
[19] Electronics in the cabinet
https://www.murrinc.com/us/products-industries/products/electronics-in-the-cabinet/
[20] EMG 12-TR/INV – Switching amplifier
https://www.phoenixcontact.com/us/products/2943437
PLCs:
PLCs are blessed with a plethora of documentation and literature, as a casual look at the manufacturer’s websites will show. Here, however, it’s particularly about examples of typical digital inputs and outputs.
https://www.unitronicsplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/UID_COMMON_TECH-SPEC_08-16.pdf
[22] Uni-I/O Wide Modules Installation Guide. Unitronics, 2016.
https://www.unitronicsplc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/UID-W1616T_R_INSTAL-GUIDE_08-16.pdf
[23] SNAP_Digital_Output_Modules Data Sheet. Opto 22, 2022.
https://documents.opto22.com/1144_SNAP_Digital_Output_Mods_data_sheet.pdf
[24] groov 5-60VDC_Output Modules Data Sheet. Opto 22, 2022.
https://documents.opto22.com/2238_groov_5-60_VDC_Output_Modules_Data_Sheet.pdf
[25] groov Digital Output Sourcing Modules Data_Sheet. Opto 22, 2022.
https://documents.opto22.com/2242_groov_Digital_Output_Sourcing_Modules_Data_Sheet.pdf
[26] groov 10-30V Digital Input Modules Data Sheet. Opto 22, 2022.
https://documents.opto22.com/2236_groov_10-30V_Digital_Input_Modules_Data_Sheet.pdf
[27] NANO-PLC em4 Ethernet & bem4 Local Datasheet. Crouzet, 2021.
https://www.crouzet.com/products/automation-controllers/em4-nano-plc/
https://media.crouzet.com/catalog/_datasheet/pdf/en/AU_NP_E4_Local-Eth_88981133-103_EN.pdf
[28] Logic Controller Millenium Slim Datasheet. Crouzet, 2021.
https://media.crouzet.com/catalog/_datasheet/pdf/en/AU_LC_MS_Millenium-Slim_EN.pdf [29] Logic controllers. Concentrated performance. Millenium 3 Smart & Essential. Crouzet, n. d.
https://media.crouzet.com/catalog/_brochures/AU_LC_M3_Millenium3_Catalog_EN.pdf
[30] Programmable Logic Controller easyControl EC4-200 User Manual. Eaton, 2010.
https://www.eaton.com/content/dam/eaton/technicaldocumentation/mn/MN05003003Z_EN.pdf
[31] PR200 Programmable Relay User Guide. akYtec GmbH, 2021.
https://akytec.de/media/wysiwyg/downloads/PR200/User%20guide_PR200_2021.01_0309_EN.pdf
[32] akYtec 2023 Product Overview. akYtec GmbH, 2023.
https://akytec.de/media/wysiwyg/downloads/CATALOG/en/Product%20overview_2023_EN_V1.pdf
[33] FC6A Series MicroSmart User’s Manual. IDEC Corporation, 2020.
https://us.idec.com/idec-us/en/USD/medias/IDEC-FC6A-MicroSmart-User-Manual.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfGRvY3VtZW50c3w0NDM5NDk5NnxhcHBsaWNhdGlvbi9wZGZ8ZG9jdW1lbnRzL2gxMy9oODkvOTE1OTI0ODQxMjcwMi5wZGZ8YWQ4NTQ1NjdmOTE2ZmFkMWIwZWVmY2ZhZmE4OGRkNGI2ZjM5OTAyNWRjOWU0ZGU1ZDNhODU4NTBiOTM5YWZhNQ
[34] IDEC Instruction Sheet SmartAxis FT1A series. IDEC Corporation, 2017.
https://us.idec.com/idec-us/en/USD/medias/IDEC-FT1A-SmartAXIS-ProLite-Instruction-Sheet.pdf?context=bWFzdGVyfGRvY3VtZW50c3wzNDUzNzU2fGFwcGxpY2F0aW9uL3BkZnxkb2N1bWVudHMvaDQyL2g2OS85MTU5MjUwMTQ5NDA2LnBkZnw5YWI1ZjQzOGEwMDE2ZThkZjc1NjlkOGViODllMjA4OTE1ZjBjODcwNTgyYmIzMWYwOWQ2YzliOThmOGRlYjc0
[35] Controller PFC200 Data Sheet. Wago, 2019.
https://www.wago.com/us/controllers-bus-couplers-i-o/controller-pfc200/p/750-8212
https://www.galco.com/techdoc/wago/750-8212_dat.pdf
Some Data Sheets:
[36] VN330SP-E Quad high-side smart power solid-state relay. Data sheet DocID11504. ST Microelectronics, 2020.
https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/vn330sp-e.pdf
https://www.st.com/en/interfaces-and-transceivers/uln2803a.html
[38] MIC2981/2982 High-Voltage High-Current Source Driver Array. Datasheet. Micrel/Microchip, 2005.
https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/aemDocuments/documents/APID/ProductDocuments/DataSheets/MIC2981-82-High-Voltage-High-Current-Source-Driver-Array-DS20006727.pdf
[39] BCR135 NPN Silicon Digital Transistor. Datasheet. Infineon, 2007. Infineon-BCR135SERIES-DS-v01_01-en.pdf
https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Infineon-BCR135SERIES-DS-v01_01-en.pdf?fileId=db3a30431428a37301143f8b054a0289
[40] MUN5235DW1, NSBC123JDXV6, NSBC123JDP6 Dual NPN Bias Resistor Transistors. Datasheet. ON Semiconductor, 2020.
https://www.onsemi.com/pdf/datasheet/dtc123jd-d.pdf
[41] MUN2211, MMUN2211L, MUN5211, DTC114EE, DTC114EM3, NSBC114EF3 Digital Transistors (BRT). Datasheet. ON Semiconductor, 2018.
https://www.onsemi.com/pdf/datasheet/dtc114e-d.pdf
[42] IRML6346TRPbF HEXFET Power MOSFET. Datasheet. International Rectifier/Infineon, 2012.
Infineon-IRLML6346-DataSheet-v01_01-EN.pdf
https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/irlml6346pbf.pdf?fileId=5546d462533600a401535668a336262e [43] BAV70 Silicon Switching Diode. Datasheet. Infineon, 2007.
Infineon-BAV70SERIES-DS-v01_01-en.pdf
https://www.infineon.com/dgdl/Infineon-BAV70SERIES-DS-v01_01-en.pdf?fileId=db3a30431400ef6801141c0ba40e041d
[44] 1N4001 thru 1N4007 A Amp Rectifier. Datasheet. Shanghai Shanglang Electronic Technology Co., Ltd, n. d.
http://www.cnelectr.net/diodes/pdf/1n4001.pdf
[45] TZM-Series Small Signal Zener Diodes Datasheet. Vishay, 2019.
https://www.vishay.com/docs/84122/tzm.pdf
[46] MM1Z4689…MM1Z4717 SMD Planar Zener Diodes Datasheet. Diotec Semiconductor AG, n. d.
https://diotec.com/request/datasheet/mm1z4689.pdf
One of the uncountable number of books about the basics of electronics:
[47] Lunn, Colin: The Essence of Analog Electronics. Prentice Hall, 1997.
Herein, diodes and transistors are described and explained at a theoretical level appropriate to our design problems.
A (very) small selection of vintage literature:
Here, we restrict ourselves to examples of literature available to be downloaded freely. Because bits weigh nothing, the thickness of the books doesn’t matter. For our purposes, we need only the fundamentals and the elementary circuits. (It goes without saying that it is more expedient to switch to contemporary ICs and tackle their peculiarities when the logic or translation problem cannot be solved by basic circuitry.)
https://archive.org/details/MillmanTaub-PulseDigitalSwitchingWaveforms
See especially chapter 9, pages 306 to 360.
[49] Millman, Jacob; Halkias, Christos C.: Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems. . McGraw-Hill, 1972.
https://archive.org/details/Millman_Halkias_Integrated_Electronics
See especially chapter 6.
[50] Bell, David A.: Solid State Pulse Circuits. Reston Publishing Company, 1976.
https://archive.org/details/SolidStatePulseCircuits
See especially the chapters 3 to 5.
[51] J. E. Thornton: Design of a Computer. The Control Data 6600. Scott, Foresman and Company, 1970.
http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/cdc/cyber/books/DesignOfAComputer_CDC6600.pdf
Occasionally, switching speed cannot be neglected. Those interested in fast but surprisingly straightforward transistor logic should look at pages 19 to 37.
[52] 700 Series Data Processing Systems Component Circuits. IBM, 1959.
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/logic/223-6746-1_700_Series_Data_Processing_Systems_Component_Circuits_Apr1959.pdf
[53] SLT Designer’s Handbook. IBM, 1968.
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/logic/SLT_Designers_Handbook_Oct68.pdf
[54] Brugnolotti, D. C.; SLT Designer’s Handbook (30-Nanosecond Family). IBM, 1965.
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/logic/SLT_Designers_Hbk_30ns_Dec65.pdf
[55] SLT Circuit Design Handbook. IBM, n. d.
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/logic/SLT_Circuit_Design_Hbk.pdf
[56] LogicBlocks. Automated Logic Diagrams SLT, SLD, ASLT, MST. IBM, 1971.
http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/ibm/logic/SY22-2798-2_LogicBlocks_AutomatedLogicDiagrams_SLT,SLD,ASLT,MST_TO_Oct71.pdf
IBM’s vintage handbooks are valuable sources of explanations and dimensioned circuits. It should pose no problem to get used to the ancient symbols.
SOURCES
The author’s project homepages:
https://www.realcomputerprojects.dev
https://www.controllersandpcs.de/projects.htm
PLCs and modules:
https://www.unitronicsplc.com/
https://us.idec.com
https://opto22.com/
https://www.wago.com/us/
https://www.appoldt.com/
https://www.weidmuller.com/en/index.jsp
https://akytec.de/en/
https://www.murrinc.com/us/
https://www.eaton.com/us/en-us.html
https://www.crouzet.com/products/automation-controllers/
https://www.crouzet.com/products/automation-controllers/
https://www.se.com/ww/en/product-category/3900-plc%2C-pac-and-dedicated-controllers/?filter=business-1-industrial-automation-and-control
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/interface/industrial-digital-io.html
https://www.automationdirect.com/support
https://www.automationdirect.com/adc/overview/catalog/programmable_controllers
https://www.automationdirect.com/adc/overview/catalog/programmable_controllers/directlogic_series_plcs_(micro_to_small,_brick_-a-_modular)
https://library.automationdirect.com/history-of-the-plc/
https://library.automationdirect.com/worksheet-choosing-controller/
https://www.phoenixcontact.com/en-us/products/plcs-controllers-and-i-os
https://www.omega.de/literature/transactions/volume2/digitalio.html
Semiconductors:
https://www.onsemi.com/
https://www.diotec.com/
https://www.microchip.com/
https://www.st.com/
Free vintage literature:
https://archive.org/details/folkscanomy_electronics
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/
http://www.bitsavers.org/components/
http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/
http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/logic/
A few more specific links:
https://www.diotec-usa.com/
https://diotec.com/en/home.html
https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en.html
https://www.st.com/en/interfaces-and-transceivers.html
https://www.onsemi.com/products/discrete-power-modules
https://www.onsemi.com/products/discretes-drivers/digital-transistors-brts
https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/ https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/product/small-signal-transistors-diodes/bipolar-transistor/digital-transistor/
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