August (issue #373) Circuit Cellar

Click here for the Circuit Cellar article code archive

p.6: Water Alarm Evolves to Full Home Security: Multi-Sensor Safety, By Devlin Gualtieri

Reference:

[1] Comidox 433Mhz HC-12 SI4463 Wireless Serial Port Module at https://www.amazon.com/Comidox-433Mhz-Wireless-Replace-Bluetooth/dp/B07KD4GR18/

PIC 16F688 Data Sheet from Microchip Technology
http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/devicedoc/41203d.pdf
PIC Basic is available from ME Labs (https://melabs.com

Raspberry Pi OS Download Page https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems

RioRand LCD Module for Arduino 20 x 4, White on Blue
http://www.riorand.com/electronics/active-components/riorandtm-lcd-module-for-arduino-20-x-4-white-on-blue.html Source for purchase: https://www.amazon.com/RioRand-Module-Arduino-White-Blue/dp/B00GZ6GK7A

ME Labs | www.melabs.com
Microchip Technology | www.microchip.com
Raspberry Pi Foundation | www.raspberrypi.org
RioRand | www.riorand.com

p.16: Build a Motor Dynamometer: Using a PIC32 MCU, By Erika Yu, Aasta Gandhi and Kowin Shi

E. Dlala, “Advanced Design of Electric Motors”, Ansys Blog, 2013.

A. Cartwright, “Tutorial: How to use the ACS758 Hall effect current sensor module with Arduino! (to measure current)”, YouTube, 2016.

Analog Devices, “Nonvolatile Memory, 1024-Position Digital Potentiometer”, 2017.

Allegro Microsystems, LLC, “Thermally Enhanced, Fully Integrated, Hall-Effect-Based Linear Current Sensor IC with 100 micro-ohms Current Conductor”, 2017.

“The Strain Gauge”, Sensorland.

Sharp, “GP1A57HRJ00F”, 2005. {Jeff—does this make sense to you?}

Adafruit, “USB to TTL Serial Cable – Debug/Console Cable for Raspberry Pi”, 2016.

National Instruments, “Strain Gauge Measurement – A Tutorial”, 1995.

A. Harrington, C. Kroninger, “Characterization of Small DC Brushed and Brushless Motors”, Defense Technical Information Center, 2013.

B. Land, “Cornell University ECE 4760 Designing with Microcontrollers Fall 2017”, Cornell University, 2017.

YouTube video for the Motor Dynamometer project:

p.24: Build Your Own IoT Platform: Part 3: Adding Advanced Features, By Dhairya Parikh

References:

[1] “Build Your Own IoT Platform: Part 2” Circuit Cellar 372, July 2021
[2] GitHub Repo: https://github.com/Dhairya1007/IoT-Platform-Article-3
[3] Postman Tutorial Video: https://youtu.be/cR_FqveTewo
[4] Application Password setup (for Gmail): https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/185833?hl=en

Node-RED | www.nodered.org
phpMyAdmin | www.phpmyadmin.net
Postman | www.postman.com
Twilio | www.twilio.com

p.32: Drone-Based Greenhouse Gas DAQ System: Using Teensy 4.1 Module, By Peter Shmerko and Dr. Chris Morton

References:
[1] Circuit Cellar article code and files webpage
[2] Winsen MQ-137 Ammonia Gas Sensor manual
https://cdn.sparkfun.com/assets/7/0/2/f/8/MQ137__Ver1.4__-_Manual.pdf

TABLES: SCROLL DOWN TO THE BOTTOM OF PAGE FOR AN APPENDIX CONTAINING THE TABLES FOR THIS ARTICLE

p.40: Smart Building Designs Spur Demand for IoT Solutions: Futurized Facilities, By Jeff Child

p.48: Embedded AI Designs Embrace FPGAs and GPUs: High-Performance at the Edge, By Jeff Child

p.53: DATASHEET: Application-Specific MCUs: Target Market Mindset, By Jeff Child

Infineon Technologies www.infineon.com
Maxim Integrated www.maximintegrated.com
Microchip Technology www.microchip.com
NXP Semiconductors www.nxp.com
Renesas Electronics www.renasas.com
ST Microelectronics www.st.com
Texas Instruments www.ti.com

Infineon Technologies https://www.cypress.com/file/501801/download

Maxim Integrated https://datasheets.maximintegrated.com/en/ds/MAX78000.pdf

Microchip Technology https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/PIC18F27-47-57Q84-Data-Sheet-40002213D.pdf

NXP Semiconductors https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/fact-sheet/S32K3FS.pdf

Renesas Electronics https://www.renesas.com/us/en/document/dst/ra2l1-group-datasheet

STMicroelectronics https://www.st.com/en/automotive-microcontrollers/sr6g7c3.html#documentation

p.56: EMBEDDED IN THIN SLICES: FreeRTOS (Part 5): FreeRTOS+POSIX, By Bob Japenga

References:

[1] https://www.amazon.com/Real-Men-Dont-Eat-Quiche/dp/8285001210/ref=tmm_hrd_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1619652227&sr=8-1
[2] https://www.freertos.org/FreeRTOS-Plus/FreeRTOS_Plus_POSIX/index.html
[3] https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/contents.html
[4] http://get.posixcertified.ieee.org/register.html
[5] POSIX functions spreadsheet in an even more detailed list is provided in an Excel spread sheet, available for download from Circuit Cellar’s article code and files webpage
[6] “FreeRTOS Part 4 – Inter-Process Communications” (Circuit Cellar 371, June 2021)

FreeRTOS | www.freertos.org

Table 1 – FreeRTOS+POSIX Header Files

File	Description
errno.h	This header file undefines the standard FreeRTOS error numbers and uses POSIX specific numbers.
fcntl.h	Defines the File Control Options defines the values assigned to various file control parameters.
mqueue.h	This defines the functions and data types related to Message Queues
pthread.h	This defines the functions and data types related to Process Threads
sched.h	This defines the functions and data types related to Scheduling
semaphore.h	This defines the functions and data types related to Semaphores
signal.h	This defines the functions and data types related to Signals
sys/types.h	This defines the data types available in the system
time.h	This defines the functions and data types related to time management
unistd.h	This defines the symbolic constants and types
utils.h	This defines some glue utility functions that are not POSIX compliant

p.60: THE DARKER SIDE: Three-Phase Electric Power: Build Your Own Source, By Robert Lacoste

References:
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_three-phase_electric_power
[3] “Direct Digital Synthesis 101,” Circuit Cellar 217, August 2008
[4] AD9959
https://www.analog.com/en/products/ad9959.html#product-overview
[5] GPX1000.4 power amplifier
https://www.crunchaudio.de/english/gpx1000.4-amplifier.html

Resources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power

https://www.ecmag.com/section/your-business/wye-does-it-matter

https://www.electronicshub.org/comparison-star-delta-connections

http://www.chauvin-arnoux.com/sites/default/files/documents/d00vai84_representations_of_a_three-phase_signal_gb.pdf

Analog Devices | www.analog.com
Crunch | www.crunchaudio.de
Keysight Technologies | www.keysight.com
STMicroelectronics | www.st.com

p.66: FROM THE BENCH: Putting 1-Wire Protocol into Action: Power and Control Share a Link, By Jeff Bachiochi

References:
[1] Application Note 187 – 1-Wire Search Algorithm
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/1/187.html
[2] Application Note 27 – Understanding and Using Cyclic Redundancy Checks with Maxim 1-Wire and iButton Products
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/design/technical-documents/app-notes/2/27.html

Analog Devices | www.analog.com
Espressif Systems | www.espressif.com
Maxim Integrated | www.maximintegrated.com

p.79: The Future of Smart Buildings: Sustainable, Smart Buildings: Planet, People and Profits, By Byron BeMiller

References:
[1] Smart Building market Size, Share, Trends, Growth Opportunities and Forecast, 2019 – 2026, Acumen Research and Consulting
[2] The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A Resource for Assessing Exposure to Environmental Pollutants, by Neil E. Klepeis et al., Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
[3] Figure 2 source: www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18922-7
LoRa Alliance | www.lora-alliance.org

APPENDIX — TABLES FOR SHMERKO ARTICLE

TABLE 1A:

Manufacturer or Brand	Sensor ID	Gas	Price (Can $)	Sensor Type	Weight (g)	Dim.(L × W × H mm)	Link
CozIR	GC-0012	CO₂	$142.70	NDIR	20	N/A	https://www.co2meter.com/products/cozir-ambient-10000-ppm-co2-sensor?variant=840094613524
SenseAir	SE-0018 K30	CO₂	$111.28	NDIR	N/A	51 × 57 × 14	https://www.co2meter.com/products/k-30-co2-sensor-module
SenseAir	SE-0119 S8	CO₂	$111.28	NDIR	8	32.7 × 19.7 × 8	https://www.co2meter.com/products/s8-miniature-co2-sensor-1
SenseAir	SE-0038 LP8	CO₂	$155.79	NDIR	8	32.7 × 19.7 × 8	https://www.co2meter.com/products/lp8-miniature-co2-sensor
CozIR	GC-0027	CO₂	$142.70	NDIR	5	31 × 19.5 × 8	https://www.co2meter.com/products/cozir-lp-ambient-air-co2-sensor?variant=40754444884
SprintIR	GC-0028	CO₂	$325.98	NDIR	16	25 × 40 × 31	https://www.co2meter.com/products/sprintir6s-5-co2-smart-sensor
SenseAir	SE-11	CO₂	$82.46	NDIR	4.9	33 × 19.8 × 11.9	https://www.digikey.ca/en/products/detail/senseair-north-america-inc/006-0-0002/10416535
Sensirion	SCD30	CO₂	$81.78	NDIR	3.4	35 × 23 × 7.00	https://www.digikey.ca/en/products/detail/sensirion-ag/SCD30/8445334
Figaro	FG-010	CO₂	$155.79	NDIR	3	32 × 17 × 7.4	https://www.co2meter.com/collections/0-1-co2/products/figaro-5000ppm-co2-sensor
NCD	MQ-4	CH₄	$39.32	MOS	N/A	N/A	https://store.ncd.io/product/mq-4-methane-natural-gas-sensor-adc121c-12-bit-adc-i2c-mini-module/
NCD	MQ-7	CO	$39.32	MOS	N/A	N/A	https://store.ncd.io/product/mq-7-carbon-monoxide-gas-sensor-adc121c-12-bit-adc-i2c-mini-module/
DF Robot	SEN0321	O₃	$70.56	EC	22	37 × 27	https://www.mouser.ca/ProductDetail/DFRobot/SEN0321?qs=GedFDFLaBXFKYEA7aR%2FFOA%3D%3D
NCD	MQ131	O₃	$56.29	MOS	N/A	N/A	https://store.ncd.io/product/mq131-ozone-gas-sensor-adc121c-12-bit-adc-i%c2%b2c-mini-module/
Euro Gasman	4 Series MS	All	N/A	EC	N/A	23 × 22 × 24.5	https://euro-gasman.com/product/4-8v-digital-i2cbus-transmitter/
SpecSensors	DGS-CO 968-034	CO	113.59	EC	20	44.5 × 20.8 × 8.9	https://www.digikey.ca/en/products/detail/spec-sensors-llc/968-034/6676880
SpecSensors	DGS-O3968-042	O₃	113.59	EC	20	44.5 × 20.8 × 8.9	https://www.digikey.ca/en/products/detail/spec-sensors-llc/968-042/7689227
SpecSensors	DGS-NO2968-043	NO₂	113.59	EC	20	44.5 × 20.8 × 8.9	https://www.digikey.ca/en/products/detail/spec-sensors-llc/968-043/7689228
Winsen	MQ-7	CO	$7.99	MOS	10	30 × 20 × 20	https://x2robotics.ca/mq-7-carbon-monoxide-gas-sensor?search=MQ
Winsen	MQ-4	CH₄	$5.99	MOS	10	30 × 20 × 20	https://x2robotics.ca/mq-4-methane-gas-sensor?search=MQ
Winsen	MQ-8	H₂	$5.99	MOS	10	30 × 20 × 20	https://x2robotics.ca/mq-8-hydrogen-gas-sensor?search=MQ
Mikroe	MIKROE-3196	CO	$68.99	EC	20	57.2 × 25×4 × 10	https://www.mikroe.com/co-2-click
Mikroe	MIKROE-4151	NH₃	$68.99	MOS	20	57.15 × 25.4 × 10	https://www.mikroe.com/ammonia-click
Mikroe	MIKROE-2767	O₃	$48.85	MOS	20	57.2 × 25×4 × 10	https://www.mikroe.com/ozone-2-click
Mikroe	MIKROE-3098	NO₂	$68.99	MOS	20	57.2 × 25×4 × 10	https://www.mikroe.com/no2-click

Abbreviations:
MOS = Semiconductor
CAT = Catalytic
EC = Electrochemical
NDIR = Infrared

TABLE 1B

Manufacturer or Brand	Sensor ID	Measurement Accuracy (ppm)	Measurement Range (ppm)	Measurement Rate (sec/ measurement )
CozIR	GC-0012	± 50 ppm ± 3%	0 – 10000	0.5
SenseAir	SE-0018 K30	± 30 ppm ± 3 %	0 – 10000	2
SenseAir	SE-0119 S8	± 70ppm ± 3%	0 – 10000	2
SenseAir	SE-0038 LP8	± 50ppm ± 3%	0 – 10000	>15
CozIR	GC-0027	± 50ppm ± 3%	0 – 5000	<30
SprintIR	GC-0028	± 70ppm ± 5%	0 – 50000	2
SenseAir	SE-11	± 30ppm ± 3%	400 – 10000	2
Sensirion	SCD30	± 30ppm ± 3%	400 – 10000	2
Figaro	FG-010	± 50ppm ± 3%	300 – 5000	2
NCD	MQ-4	N/A	200 – 10000	N/A
NCD	MQ-7	N/A	20 – 2000	N/A
DF Robot	SEN0321	N/A	0 – 10	<90
NCD	MQ131	N/A	10 – 1000	N/A
Euro Gasman	4 Series MS	N/A	N/A	N/A
SpecSensors	DGS-CO 968-034	± 15%	0 – 1000	5
SpecSensors	DGS-O3968-042	± 15%	0 – 5	1
SpecSensors	DGS-NO2968-043	± 15%	0 – 5	1
Winsen	MQ-7	± ~30%	10 – 1000	1
Winsen	MQ-4	± ~30%	300 – 10000	1
Winsen	MQ-8	± ~30%	100 – 1000	1
Mikroe	MIKROE-3196	± 15%	0 – 1000	5
Mikroe	MIKROE-4151	± ~30%	5 – 200	1
Mikroe	MIKROE-2767	± ~30%	10 – 1000	1
Mikroe	MIKROE-3098	± 15%	0 – 20	1

TABLE 1C

Manufacturer or Brand	Sensor ID	Voltage Input (VDC)	Peak Current (mA)	Operating Temp. (°C)	Comm. Protocol
CozIR	GC-0012	3.3 – 5.5	33	0 – 50	UART
SenseAir	SE-0018 K30	5.5 – 14	150	0 – 50	UART/I²C
SenseAir	SE-0119 S8	4.5 – 5.25	300	0 – 50	UART/Modbus
SenseAir	SE-0038 LP8	2.9 – 5.5	125	0 – 50	UART
CozIR	GC-0027	3.25 – 5.5	33	0 – 50	UART
SprintIR	GC-0028	3.25 – 5.5	33	0 – 50	UART
SenseAir	SE-11	3.05 – 5.5	125	0 – 50	UART/I²C
Sensirion	SCD30	3.3 – 5.5	75	0 – 50	UART/I²C
Figaro	FG-010	4.75 – 5.25	60	0 – 50	UART/I²C/PWM
NCD	MQ-4	5	N/A	-10 – 50	I²C
NCD	MQ-7	5	N/A	-20 – 50	I²C
DF Robot	SEN0321	3.3 – 5	N/A	-20 – 50	I²C
NCD	MQ131	5	N/A	N/A	I²C
Euro Gasman	4 Series MS	3.3 – 5	N/A	N/A	I²C
SpecSensors	DGS-CO 968-034	2.6 – 3.6	4	-30 – 50	UART
SpecSensors	DGS-O3968-042	3.0 – 3.6	4.3	-30 – 50	UART
SpecSensors	DGS-NO2968-043	3.0 – 3.6	4.3	-30 – 50	UART
Winsen	MQ-7	5	250	-20 – 50	Analog
Winsen	MQ-4	5	250	-20 – 50	Analog
Winsen	MQ-8	5	250	-20 – 50	Analog
Mikroe	MIKROE-3196	3.3 – 5	~50	-30 – 50	Analog/I²C
Mikroe	MIKROE-4151	3.3 – 5	250	-30 – 50	Analog/SPI
Mikroe	MIKROE-2767	3.3 – 5	250	-20 – 50	Analog/SPI
Mikroe	MIKROE-3098	3.3 – 5	~50	-30 – 50	Analog/I²C

TABLE 2:

Manufacturer	Sensor Type / Link	Protocol	Price (Canadian $)
Sparkfun	Accelerometer	I²C	$13.14
Sparkfun	Temperature	I2C	$5.61
Sparkfun	Alt/Pressure	I2C	$19.74
Sparkfun	Humidity	I2C	$13.14

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August (issue #373) Circuit Cellar